Abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic persistent organic pollutants that pose a serious threat to the environment and health. Based on the current situation of PFAS pollution, the detection technology of PFAS residues in complex matrices was focused, and its application in special fields including food, textiles, cosmetics, and traditional Chinese medicine was extensively discussed. The importance of unified standards was emphasized by comparing domestic and international control strategies and detection standards. The research progress of pretreatment technologies (solid phase microextraction, ionic liquid dispersion liquid-liquid microextraction, and nanomaterial and new material-based pretreatment technologies) and detection technologies (spray mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry, in-situ analysis, non-targeted analysis technology, and machine learning) in PFASs detection was also systematically described. The future PFAS detection technology will pay more attention to green environment, sensitivity, specificity, portability, and intelligence to meet regulatory requirements (61 ref. cited).